With conspiracy theories, deep fakes and distrust of politicians in abundance, are we now facing a confidence crisis?
Julia Ebner: We now find ourself deeply entrenched in a confidence crisis covering the media, science, private enterprise, politicians and democracy itself, as the Edelman Trust Index has highlighted over recent years. This situation has arisen due to a combination of various factors: the polycrisis, information overload, targeted disinformation campaigns by state actors, such as Russia, China and Iran, as well as non-state extremist networks. Amidst confidence crises, many people seek strong charismatic leaders - which is an extremely dangerous phenomenon for democracies.
Which mechanisms are used to disseminate misinformation and conspiracy theories? What role does AI play here?
Julia Ebner: The circulation of misinformation follows a clear pattern: highly emotive content is created on polarising issues, which is then algorithmically rewarded and sometimes reaffirmed by troll armies or bots. The deployment of AI-based technologies has dramatically changed both the quality and quantity of disinformation content. Deep fakes make it harder to pick out authentic videos from AI-generated or edited ones. Bots and AI-based networks are increasing the reach of conspiracy theory content too.
How important will digital skills be in an AI-led future?
Julia Ebner: Digital skills are vitally important – especially in terms of developing online psychological awareness. Gaining a better understanding of our cognitive biases, emotional triggers and our behaviour as individuals, groups and as a society when using online technologies is the first key step towards developing collective resilience to the dark side of AI.
Dr Julia Ebner is a world-leading expert on online radicalisation, conspiracy myths and threats to democracy and minority rights, as well as terrorism prevention. She leads the Violent Extremism Lab at the University of Oxford and is Co-Executive Director of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD).
Which sources do people have greater faith in? What will the future look like in terms of trust if verifying the authenticity of information become ever more challenging?
Julia Ebner: Unfortunately, people often place their trust in well-known figures, which is particularly evident on social media, where influencers often enjoy greater credibility amongst their followers than well-established institutions with great expertise. We risk sliding into a digital dark age. We're already seeing the first indications of this happening with a shift from rational principles to myths, attacks on science, and the ascendency of authoritarian regimes that are challenging the very foundations of democracy and the rule of law.
How can organisations and companies protect themselves against disinformation campaigns?
Julia Ebner: Organisations and companies are increasingly being hit by disinformation campaigns targeting their products, services, management and workforce. Many organisations are inadequately prepared, but building resilience is relatively straightforward: a high-performance monitoring system, in-house or outsourced expertise on disinformation and crisis scenario planning are the critical factors. Transparent communication is also a highly effective means of 'prebunking' so there is no need to even have to debunk attacks. A very effective connection to tech platforms, media and fact finders enables organisations to respond rapidly to adverse campaigns.
How can companies promote online trust?
Julia Ebner: The importance of the role companies play is underestimated. They can promote online trust in society by setting clear standards in terms of transparency, responsible use of AI and proactive communication. Companies also have a huge disseminator effect. The Business Council for Democracy - an initiative launched by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, the Hertie School and the Bosch Foundation - illustrates how companies can collaborate to promote digital resilience and democratic values.
Julia Ebner live at the European Trend Day
At the European Trend Day on 25 March 2026, the researcher, bestselling author and Co-Executive Director of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) will give a keynote speech entitled "When extremes become mainstream: attention, amplification and the fragility of democracy" outlining the causes of today's information chaos and who benefits from it. The conference's theme is 'Reclaiming focus: How to stand out in a world of constant noise.' You can look forward to expertly curated insights, inspiring best practices and international perspectives.